Naturalité des extensions minimales du secteur scalaire du Modèle Standard

Deux visions actuelles très différentes, sinon antagonistes sur une possible extension minimale du secteur scalaire du Modèle Standard.
On commence avec l'interrogation de James D. Wells sur un risque générique d'instabilité par prolifération de bosons de Higgs, sa réflexion se place dans la vision orthodoxe de la théorie quantique des champs sur l'espace-temps ordinaire:

Let us ... begin with ... just one additional scalar Φ that has no charges under the Standard Model gauge symmetries. Since |Φ|² is gauge invariant and Lorentz invariant there is no prohibition to coupling it with the SM Higgs boson H at the renormalizable level. The resulting scalar potential is
V = −1/2(µ_H|H|² − μ_Φ|Φ|²)+ 1/4(λ_H|H|⁴+2λ_HΦ|H|²|Φ|²+ λ_Φ|Φ|⁴).    (2)
Assuming <H> = v and <Φ> = w, the minimization conditions for this potential are
−µ_H² + λ_HΦ w² + λ_H v² = 0 and − µ_Φ²+λ_HΦ v² + λ_Φ w² = 0.     (3)
These two equations must be satisfied to be at the stable minimum of the potential. If we assume all dimensionless couplings are O(1) and  v²≪ w²∼ µ_Φ², we have a serious problem with eq. 3. There is no reason to discount the prospect of even many condensing scalars with vacuum expectation values as high as the Planck scale, 10¹⁸ GeV, which is sixteen orders of magnitude higher than the weak scale m_weak, but even just this one extra field is destabilizing. Somehow the large µ_H²− λ_HΦ w² first two terms in the first minimization equation above must cancel each other to a large fine-tuned degree in order to match in magnitude the much smaller λ_H v² term so that the minimization condition is satisfied. There are only two solutions to this problem. One, we accept a serious fine-tuning of the parameters such that this cancelation occurs. Or, assume that for some reason the mixing λ_HΦ between the Higgs and any other condensing scalar is small so that every term of that first equation is of the same order O(m_H²). The mixing has to be at least as small as λ_HΦ ∼ v²/w². There are strong arguments against both solutions to this proliferation problem. And as alluded to above, the problem gets much worse as the number of condensing scalars increases. The first solution assumes an accidental fine-tuned cancellation among terms that is hard to imagine in even just one equation. However, if we had n scalars then there would be n such minimization equations, all requiring similarly spectacular fine-tuned cancellations. The small mixing solution is less than desirable also, because if there are n such scalars then we have to assume that there is at least the same small mixing for every one of them. This is no longer accidental but systematic, and so must involve a principle. This principle is unknown from the point of view of the SM and thus is not satisfactory unless “new physics” is invoked.

James D. Wells, Naturalness and the Higgs Boson Proliferation Instability Problem, 10 avril 2014

Voici maintenant la vision très différente d'Ali Chamseddine et Alain Connes sur cette même extension du secteur scalaire du Modèle Standard, laquelle trouve une place naturelle dans un cadre cohérent qui découle du principe d'action spectrale sur une certaine géométrie non commutative:

We know that the quartic couplings λ_h , λ_hσ and λ_σ  all run, and since they are dimensionless we can trust their running and obtain their value at low scale (Λ = M_Z) from the initial condition at unification scale Λ_unif. On the other hand, the mass terms give quadratic divergences, and their running cannot be trusted. We write the potential in the form
V = − 1/2 (µ²h² + ν²σ²) + 1/4 (λ_h h⁴ + 2λ_hσ h²σ² + λ_σ σ⁴). The minimum is obtained for <h²>= v², <σ²>= w² where −µ² +λ_hv² + λ_hσ w²= 0 and −ν² + λ_hσ v²+ λ_σw² = 0.
We determine the mass terms µ² and v² at low scale using this equation so that  v² is of order 10² Gev and w² is of order 10¹¹ Gev. We will not worry about this fine tuning, which is related to the problem of quadratic divergencies, but note that the dilaton field [12] which replaces the scale Λ could be used to technically solve this problem as it connects the different subalgebras of the discrete space. We use the approximation v² ≪ w² which is also made use of to get the see-saw mechanism. 

Ali H. Chamseddine and Alain Connes, Resilience of the Spectral Standard Model, 27 Août 2012

Remarque: les notations adoptées par James D. Wells ont été partiellement modifiées pour être harmonisées avec celles de Chamseddine et Connes afin de faciliter la comparaison et souligner la similarité des discussions et des hypothèses sur les constantes de couplage entre les deux champs scalaires.

Quelques détails supplémentaires sur un boson scalaire singulet de très grande masse couplé au boson de Higgs à 126 GeV

...a tiny mixing of the Higgs with a heavy singlet can make the electroweak vacuum completely stable... as the singlet VEV increases, the Higgs mass–coupling relation recieves a tree level contribution which does not vanish in the zero–mixing/heavy–singlet limit. Such a correction can be order one and make the EW vacuum completely stable rather than metastable. The requisite Higgs–singlet coupling λhs and the singlet self–coupling λs are allowed to be very small, as long as λ2hs/(4λs) is greater than about 0.015 for a TeV–scale singlet. This situation is practically indistinguishable from the SM at low energies unless the Higgs quartic coupling is measured. We also find that Higgs inflation is possible in our framework since the quartic coupling remains positive at high energies.

Oleg Lebedev, On Stability of the Electroweak Vacuum and the Higgs Portal, 22/05/2012

... the spectral action includes naturally a dilaton field which guarantees the scale invariance of the standard model interactions, and provides a mechanism to generate mass hierarchies. This is in addition to the advantages obtained previously in [11] which are now well known [12]. There it was shown that all the correct features of the standard model are obtained without any fine tuning, such as unification with gravity, unification of the three gauge coupling constants and relating the Higgs to the gauge couplings. These results should be taken to support the idea that all the geometric information about the physical space is captured by the knowledge of the Dirac operator of an appropriate noncommutative space.

Ali H. Chamseddine, Alain Connes, Scale Invariance in the Spectral Action, 16/03/2005

http://arxiv.org/pdf/1404.6268.pdf